Good performance in the main task increases the level of the gauge, bringing the bonus closer to delivery.
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It is noteworthy that if the gauge becomes full it remains full until the monkey checks the bonus option. The bonus is delivered only if the monkey checks when the gauge is full. By contrast, choosing the disk stimulus provides information on how soon a bonus reward will be delivered, as indicated by a visual gauge, which gradually fills up.
The main task has three levels of difficulty and requires cue-based decision-making. If they choose to work in the main task, they are shown a cue stimulus (a rightward or leftward bar oriented at various angles) and, after a delay, have to categorize its side of orientation by selecting a target on the right or on the left (this Right versus Left decision is called Cued decision). 1 and Methods, referred hereafter to the main task) or select the disk stimulus to ‘Check' and see whether a bonus reward is available. On each trial, monkeys can either select the triangle stimulus to ‘Work' and perform a delayed visual categorization task ( Fig.
The task design is based on a dual-task principle ( Fig. We designed a behavioural task to assess how monkeys checked for information during ongoing task behaviour. Yet, activation variations could also integrate multiple signals, including aspects of the difficulty of deciding and evaluating the need to shift from the default option. For example, MCC activation was shown to reflect the potential value, and thus the incentive, of foraging. How and on the basis of what information they participate together in complex decisions remain unclear,. However, both the experimental evidence and theory provide conflicting information on the synergy between MCC and LPFC. Empirical descriptions complement theoretical accounts suggesting that parts of the dense core, especially the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and midcingulate cortex (MCC), contribute to different components of free, exploratory and adaptive decisions, especially in the context of adaptive responses to unexpected feedback. The primate global cortical network contains a dense core of highly interconnected areas, which covers a set of regions co-activated during adaptive decision-making. Our data show that deciding to seek information on the current state of the environment is characterized by specific dynamics of neural activity within the prefrontal cortex. Further, specific midcingulate activity could be discerned several trials before the monkeys actually choose to check the environment. Importantly, deciding to check engages neurons also involved in performance monitoring. The opposite is true for instructed decisions.
Single-unit recordings in behaving monkeys reveal that decisions to check for additional information first engage midcingulate cortex and then lateral prefrontal cortex. Here we trained monkeys in a task where they had the opportunity to gain information about the potential delivery of a large bonus reward or continue with a default instructed decision task. Yet, the frontal regions and neural dynamics that control the drive to check for information remain unknown. How he claims he had never heard of these places is beyond us.Ĭuriosity and information seeking potently shapes our behaviour and are thought to rely on the frontal cortex. So at most, we went off-record with the cops or journalists regarding some minor things, such as Adnan smoking weed or him knowing where Leakin park or the Route 70 park & ride is because we had been there with him. Furthermore, many of us justified our reticence by saying perhaps his punishment in the afterlife is what’s more important. We would sadly be branded as traitors (just think of Rabia’s insulting manner towards anyone with a differing view) and pushed out of the community, even for doing the right thing. Also, because many of us fear retribution from our close-knit community who largely believes that he is innocent and is being framed by islamphobic types. It’s partly why I and other good friends haven’t shared much that would have revealed a lot about his budding psychopathic behavior. Now, you have to understand why this is difficult for me to share on here, as I have known him and his family throughout much of our young adulthood (Johnnycake Middle / Woodlawn High / ISB Masjid).
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